Pushing Forward – From prevention and detection to treatment and reconstruction, the latest data and technological advancements bring more hope to pat

From prevention and detection to treatment and reconstruction, the latest data and technological advancements bring more hope to patients affected by breast cancer.

Sometimes the simple things make the biggest difference – even in breast cancer prevention.
Now, recent data reinforces the importance of healthy lifestyle choices in reducing the risk of breast cancer development, explains Edith A. Perez, M.D., medical oncologist and director of the Mayo Center’s Breast Clinic. Moreover, the latest studies reveal that regular exercise and a healthy weight also lower the risk of cancer recurrence.
“We need to concentrate more on lifestyle issues,” Dr. Perez says. “It needs to be part of our day-to-day recommendations for patients.”
Though the chemical explanation for the connection to breast cancer prevention is still somewhat elusive, Dr. Perez notes that changes in insulin resistance and estrogen levels resulting from physical activity and proper caloric intake may affect the relationship.
“We continue looking for new medications to decrease the risk, but this is something we can all do,” she says.
And as studies investigate the effects of newer drugs in advanced stages of breast cancer, it’ll only be a year or two until these drugs can be evaluated in prevention studies, too, Dr. Perez says.

Diving into Detection
While mammograms remain the standard for screening, breast MRIs are playing an evermore important role in the detection process, Dr. Perez says. Actually, she elaborates, patients with at least a 15 to 20 percent increased risk of developing breast cancer should be screened with the breast MRI rather than a clinical evaluation and mammogram. Though particularly beneficial for patients with a strong family history of breast cancer, an identified genetic mutation that exposes them to breast cancer development, and women with dense breasts, Dr. Perez strongly cautions against using the MRI as a screening tool for all patients.
“It’s good to have the option of a sensitive test,” she says, “but we don’t want to go overboard.”
Beyond enhanced screening, the breast MRI is also helpful when working with patients already diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. Its pristine visibility helps identify the best surgical procedure and, if a mammogram detects cancer on one breast, the bilateral MRI may also detect a lesion in the other breast; in three percent of patients, Dr. Perez says, the MRI finds cancer in both breasts.
But even with advancements in screening and detection, Shahla Masood, M.D., emphasizes the importance of a second opinion. Dr. Masood, Professor and Chair of the Department of Pathology at the University of Florida College of Medicine – Jacksonville, Chief of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Shands Jacksonville, Director of the University of Florida Outreach Library, Editor-in-Chief of The Breast Journal, and President of the World Society of Breast Health, explains that, while a very small number of breast cancers are misdiagnosed, the many look-alikes in breast pathology may lead to under- or over-diagnosis.
“Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a variety of forms and shapes,” she says. “The treatment, the response to therapy … it’s all related to the type of breast cancer.”
Additionally, evolutions in technology, molecularlogy and sub-classifications of breast cancer lead to a better understanding of individual tumors, Dr. Masood explains, which impacts the diagnosis and recommended therapy options.
Tackling the Treatment
It’s not just prevention and detection that have come a long way. Linda Sylvester, M.D., FACP, medical oncologist with Florida Oncology Associates and Co-Founder of the Pink Ribbon Foundation, explains that personalized treatment options are also positively affecting patient outcomes.

“We know that the micro-environments in which cancers live can cross-talk amongst each other,” she says. “We’re learning what turns them on and off.”
While it’s possible to inhibit growth in a single site, Dr. Sylvester explains that cancer cells find other pathways to promote growth, emphasizing the need to personalize care for each patient based on the cancer cells’ mutations in the individual’s pathology specimen.
Moreover, nanoparticles and nanotechnology are proving to effectively kill cancer cells while also reducing neurotoxicity passed to non-cancer cells. Because the nanoparticles are smaller than the cancer cells, Dr. Sylvester says, lipophilic compounds combined with chemotherapy drugs can enter the organs and cells more readily. Moving into the cancer cells, they interfere with the ribosomes and protein formation, enter the nucleus, and interfere with DNA replication.
While Dr. Masood, too, is optimistic about nanotechnology, she adds that chemotherapy treatments are evolving into molecular-targeted therapies that not only kill the cancer but also cause fewer side effects.
“Every one of these advancements is making a difference in the way breast cancer is being viewed these days,” Dr. Masood explains. “It makes a big difference on how well the patient can tolerate it and can get on with her life.”
Personalizing care is key. While breast cancer is treatable in its early stages, Dr. Masood says, it’s critical to take into account the patient’s tumor size, family history and unique needs and characteristics to properly treat the disease. “Breast cancer can be treated aggressively and leave a patient with a significant loss, whereas that same cancer can be treated in a more balanced way to let the patient enjoy life,” she explains. “We need to treat patients right, give them what they deserve. That has to be the focal point in breast cancer care.”
One of the first in the approach to individualize patient care, Dr. Sylvester says, is Oncotype DX testing. Used in Brea patients who have estrogen-positive tumors and lymph node negative disease, Oncotype DX testing compares the molecular arrangement of a patient’s cancer cells in the pathology specimen to 21 known high-risk breast cancer genes, she says. The results then categorize patients into a high-risk, low-risk or intermediate group based on the ratio of the patient’s pathology mutations and the high-risk mutations.
Patients who fall in the high-risk group need chemotherapy and hormonal therapy, while those in the low-risk group can be treated with therapy such as Tamoxifen or an Aromatase Inhibitor. And if results place a patient in the intermediary range, Dr. Sylvester says, she may choose to participate in the TAILOR clinical trial, a national oncology trial that randomizes the intermediate-risk patients to either hormone therapy or chemotherapy plus hormone therapy.
“While not all cancers can be cured,” Dr. Sylvester says, “there is much hope with all the new drugs being developed and the delivery systems of getting these drugs into the cancerous cells. There’s always something new, always more survivors.”

Ready for Reconstruction
Strides in reconstructive surgery are also opening doors for women eager to regain the shape of their breasts after mastectomies or lumpectomies. The latest oncoplastic technique combines oncologic surgery to remove the tumor with reconstructive surgery to preserve the cosmetic outcome, says Laila Samiian, M.D., Assistant Professor, Chief of Breast Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology for the University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville.
During an oncoplastic lumpectomy, Dr. Samiian explains, the surgeon mobilizes surrounding breast tissue to fill in the cavity present after the lump is removed. Oncoplastic surgery, which can also be used during benign biopsies, can match the breasts’ pre-surgery shape and contour. And, sensitive to a woman’s self-image, Dr. Samiian tries to hide surgical scars by creating the incision in the crease below the breast or near the areola. Though still relatively new, Dr. Samiian acknowledges the technique is becoming increasingly popular.

Dr. Samiian is particularly passionate about improving the cosmetic results of breast conservation. “If we’re trying to save the breast, we don’t want it deformed,” she explains. “If it’s going to look worse, then you might as well have a mastectomy.” Without oncoplastic surgery, she adds, women who’ve undergone lumpectomies may experience severe beast deformities within a few years.
She also encourages surgeons to proactively seek education and training on new techniques and skills that offer exemplary medical results and enhance cosmetic outcomes. “We all need to have sensitivity for a woman’s desire for acceptable cosmetic results,” she says. “Patients demand better results, and surgeons who provide that will have better satisfaction from patients.”
Because oncoplastic surgery incorporates plastic surgery into breast cancer operations, it eliminates the need for implants or follow-up reconstructive surgery. When it comes to breast conservation, Dr. Samiian says, patients won’t accept a deformity or a cavity; it’s crucial not only to save the breast, but to also save its shape.
But that’s not the only option for women anxious to keep their breasts after beating cancer.
While not all patients are candidates, skin-sparing mastectomies used with implant reconstruction save as much of the patient’s skin envelope as possible so the plastic surgeon doesn’t have to stretch skin over the implant, Dr. Samiian explains. It’s a complex procedure, as it’s difficult to remove breast tissue from a small incision, but the outcome is much better, she says.
“If the tumor is away from the skin and the nipple,” Dr. Samiian says, “it’s [skin-sparing mastectomy] my number one mastectomy.” Still, she acknowledges that procedures must be carefully selected for each individual.
Another option: subcutaneous mastectomy, also referred to as a nipple-sparing mastectomy. Using an incision below the breast crease or areola, the surgeon saves the skin, nipple and areola by removing tissue from a strategically placed incision.
But skin- and nipple-sparing mastectomies aren’t just for women already diagnosed with cancer; they’re also options for patients with an extremely high risk for developing breast cancer, Dr. Samiian says.

What Lies Ahead
There’s still so much more on the horizon. On the diagnostic side, Dr. Perez explains that, while mobile PET scans are already used in evaluation studies, clinical studies are now investigating their use in general screening.

And in terms of treatment, Dr. Samiian shares that partial breast radiation is under investigation, and the medical community should know more about its safety and ethicality in the next few years.
Like Dr. Samiian, Dr. Masood, too, is empathetic to the effect breast cancer and mastectomies have on a woman’s self-esteem and identity, and she remains passionate about preserving the breasts’ appearance while killing the cancer. Thus, she’s hopeful that long-term studies in Europe and the United States will continue illustrating that treating small tumors with conservation therapy matches the outcome of treating them with mastectomies.

“It’s a fundamental right for women to save their breasts, enjoy their breasts,” she says. “They don’t have to give up their breasts to breast cancer.” Conservation therapy is bringing new light to the way women should be treated, and, in the future, Dr. Masood says, mastectomies may no longer be used to treat small tumors.

And as a strong patient advocate and global leader in the breast cancer arena, Dr. Masood also emphasizes the critical need for more breast care centers throughout the world, to engage the medical community in a multidisciplinary approach to treat breast cancer.

“Breast cancer is still a disease – there’s no cause, no cure – and it will remain a public health threat to women across the globe,” Dr. Masood says. But through education, advocacy, multidisciplinary care centers and technological advancements, women have so much reason to remain hopeful.

Water Treatment System Removing Hazardous Levels of Arsenic From Drinking Water

Green Nanotechnology

Water treatment system

Removing hazardous levels of arsenic from drinking water

Inventor and entrepreneur’s Mayer Fitoussi .Briefly, Aqua Soft Natural ®

It offers better built, longer lasting, cleaner, safer, and smarter products for the home, for medicine, for transportation, for agriculture, and for industry in general.

Most water is used for industry and agriculture; Aqua Soft Natural ® A high-performance products; powerful modern ceramic magnets; Structurally Modified and Molecularly Infused Water; maximum Contact time to water treatment systems; Green Nanotechnology; inexpensive method for removing hazardous levels of arsenic from drinking water ; reduce harmful levels of arsenic in recycling water; reduce Infectious disease; reduce the risk of cancer; has biochemical function and slows aging; increase in 2-3 DPZ Enzyme levels; increase hemoglobin levels; reduce lactic acid levels; has no chemicals; has no salt and/or Siliphos (phosphate) for softening water ; dismantling chlorine; enhanced water; improves taste ; destroys bacteria; destroys coliform ; destroys algae; destroys virus’s in dairy barn; stimulation of immune system; prevent and cure mastitis in milk cow’s ; increase milk production ; de-scales all pipes/water heater/cooling system/fixtures; preventing salt water to be stick an “mattress” radiator / cooling system for agriculture green hothouse in the desert; no maintains cost;

Because the treatment requires no electricity, residents of developing nations where high levels of arsenic occur naturally in water supplies will be able to easily use it. That would help reduce the risk of cancer for tens of millions of impoverished villagers in China and Southeast Asia, where high levels of arsenic occur naturally in many water supplies. Arsenic contamination is also a threat to water supplies in parts of Latin America, Africa and the United States, where the Environmental Protection Agency this year (2006) reduced allowable levels in municipal water systems to 10 parts per billion, down from 50 parts per billion.

New York Times: A simple way to remove arsenic. Vicki Colvin, director of the university’s Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, said ” researchers were surprised to find that we didn’t need large electromagnets to move our nanoparticles, and that in some cases hand-held magnets could do the trick.”

Scientist; Professor; Researcher, Dr. Klaus Kronenberg: Permanent magnet materials have been developed in recent decades to be 100 times as strong and much more durable than the old-fashioned magnets made out of steel. In contrast to steel magnets, which weaken with age, modern ceramic magnets do not show any changes with age.

bacteria/algae : under “open loop” (exposed to air, such as cooling towers) brought the bacteria count down from over 4,000 per milliliter to only 4 count per milliliter. Open loop systems are the most difficult. When in a “closed loop” system (pipe), bacteria/algae is much easier to control. Dr. Klaus Kronenberg: “Magnetic Water Treatment can actually make naturally polluted lakes and streams fit to drink and safe”.

Pool & Spa News: Magnetically altered water kills Algae. Algae is controlled, PH is stabilized, minerals are polarized and water is soft and silky”.

Better tasting water: Dr. Klaus J. Kronenberg: ” the chlorine odor of chlorinated water is greatly reduced by effective magnetic treatment. In fact, slight chlorination may become unnoticeable to the average user. Water that comes with a slight sulfur odor loses this smell after being treated with magnetic devices”.

Health News: Scientist, Researcher Professor Israel Lin, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology stated: “the change of water’s properties is the key. The magnetized water increases the solubility of minerals to all parts of the body, making the organism work more efficiently, because of breaking minerals down to the smallest particle size, and reducing “surface tension” of water, makes it a better “carrier” of food and minerals. Testing on Dairy Cows proved a 15% better TDN (total digestible nutrients)”.

The recent investigations have indicated that there are a more number of hexagonal structure at a lower temperature (cold water), 22% at 10% AND 26% at 0 C . The hexagonal water can exist almost 100% at super cooled temperature of –30C to –40C. Also, another factor to increase hexagonal structure of water when the water was magnetized by a powerful magnetic field.

Experiments on magnetized water under various magnetic fields AND various flow conditions of ionic solutions indicate that the effects observed in magnetized water are related to the effects shown by the addition of structure-making ions OR by lowering the temperature.

Most people think we take oxygen only through the air we breathe, but foaming oxygen increased by magnetized water activates the kinetic energy, stimulates the mucous membrane while passing through the stomach, small AND large intestines AND promotes blood circulation to the blood vessels. The oxygen also takes out the toxic gases AND waste in the intestines, which provide a clean intestinal environment as well as clear blood stream.

An excess amount of oxygen existing in the magnetized hexagonal water can easily be absorbed AND penetrated in the blood within 30 seconds, to the brain tissues AND genitals after one minute, to the skin after 10 minutes and, to the liver, heart AND kidney after 20 minutes. The brain accounts for 20% to 30% of total oxygen consumption in our body. Lack of oxygen to the brain may cause one to be lethargic, have a lower attention span, AND over an extended period of anoxemia will certainly lead to dementia AND eventual death.

Lemon juice, vitamin C powder OR other health aid, mix with hexagonal water will be more effective.

Hexagonal water is believed to activate the enzymes that remove the harmful free radical oxygen in the body.

Hexagonal or magnetized water is not a medicine but is an effective medium against certain diseases, playing a preventive medical role in enhancing the resistance AND immunity of the human body AND as such, has the natural healing properties against diseases.

Human Studies (Japan)

A study with the Japanese Olympic Scientific Research Team to test the enhanced water’s ability to remove waste byproducts … in particular, lactic acid. In the study, 25 members of the Japanese Olympic swimming team (13 men and 12 women) were required to swim at an accelerated pace until their heart rates were highly elevated (i.e., 180 beats/minute to 200 beats/minute). Each swimmer was then allowed to rest and given a controlled quantity of either enhanced or tap water to drink. Lactic acid levels were then monitored over time until they had returned to normal. This trial was repeated several times in a crossover, double blind fashion so that each athlete was tested with both enhanced water and tap water but without knowing which water they were drinking. During two months of additional training, the athletes were given the enhanced water on an exclusive basis and monitored for 2-3 DPZ Enzyme (an enzyme critical for the ability of blood to absorb oxygen) and blood hemoglobin levels.

In all test subjects, swimmers were observed to quantitatively reduce lactic acid levels by an average of 50 percent greater with the enhanced water versus tap water. The lactic acid removal rate was also approximately 50 percent faster with the enhanced water than the control tap water. During the testing period, all athletes showed an increase in 2-3 DPZ Enzyme levels and hemoglobin levels when compared with the baseline levels.

“Water that has been Revitalized through Magnetic Treatment is restored to its natural energy”. retains valuable minerals and converts them to a form that increases digestibility. No other system will do this. Improves digestion. Some individuals have a stomach trouble involving digestion. in most cases eliminates this problem. Since this treatment reduces “surface tension” of water, it becomes a better carrier of nutrients”.

“Naturally Soft Water”. Dr. Klaus Kronenberg states: “The positive effects were described as making the water appear to “behave” as if the mineral content was lowered”. Water feels soft and silky.

Reduces the need of soaps ; detergents; shampoo/conditioners; chemicals; chlorine for pools/spa. Dries quicker, eliminates water spots; ends chlorine irritation. Magnetic Water Treatment reduces the surface tension and makes water a better “wetting agent”. It takes about 75% less to do the job because it increases the solubility of the treated water.

De – Scales Pipes and Equipment. Magnetized, by Dr. Klaus Kronenberg: (New Technologies) Not only was formation of scale totally eliminated, the removal of scale deposits in old water pipes could be accomplished in relatively short time.

Michael Keefe (Magnetic Water Conditioner): Every private home can be relieved of water problems by utilizing permanent magnets. The thermal efficiency of hot water heating systems is impaired with scale build-up and corrosion problems. The magnets can thus save energy by keeping heat transfer surfaces free from insulating scale.

Air Conditioning, radiator, Plumbing and Heating: As the water flows through the Aqua Soft Natural ® the hard water minerals are polarized and remain in liquid suspension eliminating the problem of the particles clinging to water pipes, cool radiator and water heater, Essentially, scale forming minerals end up suspended in the water and all prior scale is magnetically attracted to the water. This descaling process is known as the stabilization period and lasts from two to six months.

Reduces Heating Costs: National Air Conditioning; Plumbing and Heating Contractors: 3/8 inch of scale in hot water heaters uses 48% more fuel to heat. When the scale is removed a more efficient water heating system is created. U.S. Bureau of Standards: On the third year, your 40 gallon water heater only hold about 30 gallons (10 gallons of scale) and costs about five times as much to heat. One half inch of scale has a 70% increased fuel cost. Magnetic Water Conditioning, by Michael Keefe: The tangible benefits to the user are preservation and improvement of thermal efficiencies in hot water heaters, which results in energy savings and a reduction of the economic impact of steadily soaring heating costs.

www.aquasoft-natural.com

Computers and Nanotechnology

If we are to take a look at the recent discoveries in science, we can surely say that the way we are going is full of surprises. I’m saying this because in the last couple of years there breakthroughs in all areas have been more than frequent.

Also, ambitious projects are being researched and hope to be brought to use to the general population as fast as possible. I have heard recently that nanotechnology is given top priority by researchers and that there are high chances of it to be implemented in the not so distant future. The whole principle behind nanotechnology lies in little robots that could be inserted into your bloodstream and then making their way to the damaged area. Once there, they will be able to repair damaged tissue and even prevent other diseases from happening. According to the way they can be programed, they could also cure cancer and other fatal disease which these days are fatal.

I must say that this is ambitious. It would be something like those science fiction movies where everyone will be forever healthy and why not, young. There could be multiple tasks that these machines could perform, besides repairing tissues. For instance, prolonging human life could be a byproduct of this technology. Imagine how it would be to live one hundred years or more. The thought, alone gives me chills.

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Never the less, I’m not sure that I will ever benefit from this miraculous technology and thus I don’t have to keep dreaming. Perhaps my children will be luckier and they will not have to suffer from any disease or condition.

New Generation Reproductive Technologies (stem Cell-nanotechnology)

I. Advances in Embryonic and Placental Development

1.Abstract:

Early embryonic development needs detailed investigations if we have to reduce embryonic mortality. Embryonic mortality details have been reviewed (wani, 2005). The reproductive abnormalities have been discussed and a sequential photographic presentation of embryonic mortality have recently been published (Khatoon et al 2007). The critical period when maximum embryonic losses go unnoticed is the period before attachment. Losses before actual union of foeto-maternal tissues can be missed and calculations of embryonic mortality estimates remain unaccounted for. Some recent studies of (Wani 2006, Khatoon et al 2006) have paved a new innovative model for investigation on foeto-maternal development and its attachment. This paper describes the detailed embryonic development, blastocyst elongation, formation of cotyledons within elongated blastocyst, their ramifications and networking of vasculature and formation of foetal placental unit. Conversely, a detailed photographic evidence of uterine receptivity, formation of a multicoated immunological barrier- the beginning of foeto- maternal- barrier mechanism along with caruncle formation, uterine milk formation and finally union of cotyledous with caruncles has been photographically documented.
2.Introduction:

Second and 3rd generation animal biotechnologies as reviewed (Wani, 2005) are multiple ovulation, embryo-transfer, preservation, cloning, micromanipulation splitting of embryos and nuclear transfer. The 4th Generation reproductive technologies have advance beyond our imagination and now we do have transgenic goats giving milk rich in insulin. (Wani 2007). The stem cell technology, embryonic cell culture, pronuclear micro-injection along with sperm-mediated, transgenesis have been in use and are precisely reviewed and discussed (Wani 2005, 2007).

The application of this advancement for diagnostic, therapeutic and economic uses especially its transfer to human medicine or for field application in animal industry needs further research and evaluation.

The another fact which can be of importance is the number of cells per embryos. During first day these may be two cells but after 8 days the cell number increases to 120 or more. It takes 32 hours for the oocyst after fertilization to reach the two cell embryo. Another 13 hours are needed to develop it into a four cell embryo. In another 15 hours 8 cell stages is reached. It is from here onwards that it takes 30 hours for a embryo to be converted into a Morula. This has been one of the most critical periods of embryonic development in ovine. A genematic diagram of various stages of follical maturation of oocytes development and further development has been reported (Wani 2005a) figure from web site is also show that the protein content after fertilization of 16 day old embryo increased by 7500 times. Morphologically the embryo size varies from spherical ovid to elongate after day 13th past coitus. New protein synthesis per unit of embryo is maximum during 8-13th day old embryos. Similarly phosphorylation per unit of embryo is also ten times more in 8 day old embryos than the later stages. Glucose and lactose production increased up to day 16th and the maximum metabolic weight is up to 14th day past coitus. For increased productive synthesis, aminoacid requirements are made, through production of allanic and glutonic acids by the embryos. The matobolic products get rid of amines. The signal transduction from maternal to foetal controls have been discussed (Moris et al 2001).
3. Dominant follicle dynamics

The new animal , products, medico-Veterinary packages, profitable genetic (trait) improved DNA Chips, more resistance giving gene make ups shall have a new role in future. For the next coming super advanced technology driven century, we must be prepared to use the 4th generation technologies for animal Welfare and Protective mechanisms. We thought and used Laparoscopy and ultrasonography 30 year ago (Wani et al, 1979, Wani 1981,1982), which has now become a “buzz” word and further sophisticated and modernized by my students across the world (Aggarwal, 2006, Wani, 2006). Our concept of DNA finger printing of cashmere goats in 1990’s (Khatlani et al, 1995) has now crossed the barriers of technology advancement. Today, in these pages, we shall be presenting our own results on

1. Embryonic development, formation of cotyledons, blactocyst development ramification of vascular system, net working of blood vessels to form initial placenta, their union and attachment processes. We shall describe morphological physiological, endocrinology, histochemical and receptor analysis to support our observations. This is 5th generation reproductive technology base for development of in-vitro-foeto models.

For 6th – 10th generation reproductive scientists we shall present theoretical hypothesis a vision -2050 in the form of.

2. Use of stem-cell, germ-cell and Nano- technologies for production of disease free, highly prolific reproductive gametes, their preservation and conservation. The use of these and other molecular and new-generation DNA-related bio-diagnostics shall also be discussed.

4. Uterine morphological changes:

The early pregnancy uterine morphological land marks were described only externally per rectum in bovine (Zamznis, 1976) some of its significant features have been summarized in a booklet (Wani, 1986). It describes easy palpable signs of early pregnancy in bovine and compares its observations with equines, sheep and goats. Some of the earliest indications of pregnancy by physical examination were:

i) Presence of corpus luteum of pregnancy early 15 day post-coitus

ii) Asymmetry of uterine horns 30-35 days post coitus

iii) Fluctuation around 40-49 days in cattle. Thereafter the advanced pregnancy signs like foetal membrance feel and slips. Palpation of placentomes and full foetal are known foetal membrane .

Various developments of foetal signs have been described (Wani, 1986) . The month wise morphological assessment of foetus in sheep has been reported (Mufti, 1995, Mufti et al, 1997) . Various reviews reports and books now describe events in development of foetus (Wani, 2005, 2006, 2007).
5. Development of conceptus-in vitro foetus

Pregnancy is an intimate association between mother and foetus. The protective covering on maternal caruncles and over wrap of foetal cotyledons with Blastocyst membranes, transformed into foetal membranes give the “Homograph” status to foetus. The mechanism of ruminant uteri has been discussed (Gray et 2002). Its more recent findings and attachments are the topic of one of our students.

We have tried to univel many obscure mechanism on blastocyst formation, plancentation and development of cotyledons. The protective mucin coverings over uterine caruncles and their union with cotyledons has been snaped.

The internal changes have been correlated with biochemical, morphological and histochemical and histoanatomic feature of the gravid and non-gravid uteri.
6. Foeto-maternal interaction:

The estrogen, progesterone in foetal and maternal blood have been estimated along with estrogen progesterone receptor concentrations in the pregnancy and non pregnant states.

Endometrial receptivity has been discussed (Huct-Hudson, et al 1989, Wani 1996, Wani, 2003, 205, 2006). Proliferation of uterine cells is influenced by E2 and P4. These hormones have their receptors in uteri called as E2 (ER) , P4 (PR) receptors (Lee and Demyo 2004) we have also investigated the same and are being analysed. Our studies indicate certain changes which project a new mechanism of foeto-maternal unions (Khatoon and Wani, 2007).

Various growth factors described (Wani 2006) may be helpful in future for invitro-foetal growth.
7. Reproductive management

The reproductive management strategies to enhance meat production could safely be divided into two kinds:

i. Traditional management: Animal are still managed under zero- input/ migratory /tribal or extensive management system. The application of above described methods will be limited. They may indirectly help in this system by better sire availability.

ii. Modern management: Zero-grazing, stall-fed or semi-intensive, commercial goat farming system may use the above methods more and more to produce high quality germplasm. They may use variety of improved reproductive technique or reported (Wani,1996; Wani et al., 200a; Wani et al., 1998; Mufti et al., 1997; Wani and Sahani, 1981; Wani et al., 1986, 1987, 1988; Wani and Buchoo, 1991; Buchoo and Wani, 1991; Wani, 1989, Wani, 1995; Wani, 1984a and b; Wani and Sahani, 1980a).
8. Enhancement of fertility

Desired fertility objectives have been discussed (Wani, 2001). Increased prolificacy, early rebreeding, safe/clean parturition, set-time animal crop, elite gene introduction are some of the desired fertility enhancement goals. The constraints in achieving desired objectives in small ruminant livestock sector are the problems of inbreeding, reproductive losses (Wani, et al., 1980; 1981; 1994), pre-pubertal mating, indiscriminate or illicit mating, venereal diseases, nutritional and other stresses. These above referred factors reduce fertility status of our ruminants especially under transhumane migratory systems.

These constraints mentioned could overcome by adopting enhancement strategies (Wani, 2001), which include exchange of sires by tribal, Gujjar, Bakarwals and Chopans to reduce inbreeding. This could be ensured through legislature or forced castrations and introduction of sires from outside the flock. The pregnancy detection methods described (Wani, 1981) and later on used extensive in J&K under farm condition (Wani et al., 1998; Wani, 1989) needs adoption as a routine in each flock for better care of offspring and dam.
9. Corpora luteal biosensitivity.

Corpus luteum growth and development is the first earliest pregnancy signal along with maternal recognition factors discussed (Wani, 1996). The corpus luteum development and receptivity to PGF2 alpha is now known. The ascending and descending corpora lutea are insensitive to PGF2 alpha. What makes them insensitive and what resurges their sensitivity need exploration. May be in future, CL insensitivity might have direct effects on survival of the conceptus. Does conceptus make CL more sensitive to PGF2 alpha? Or in other words, does the gravid CL and non-gravid CL behave similarly or differently to PGF2 alpha. Many such questions vis-à-vis the ovarian morphology, uterine environment and behavioral patterns need to be studied and co-related to develop a manipulative and curative safe system. In some species CL of pregnancy is necessary till delivery, in others it is needed only till placenta develops. Its complete genesis and biostimulation and bioregulatory roles are obscure and needs further research.
10. Dominant follicle dynamics

The dominant follicle dynamics may be in focus for ovulation control. Dominant follicle or would be bride at each ovulation appears around day 7 of cycle in women. It occurs much earlier on day- 1 to 0 in ruminants (cow, sheep,goats). This time point may be the focus to try future selective interferences in ovulation control. Antagonist use during this phase has shown decreasing levels of estrogens in serum thereby indirectly hinting at dominant follicle alteration, as it is one of chief source of this hormone during this phase (Fraser, 1987). Dominant follicle in its sojourn to freedom and release at ovulation seems to attain some specific qualities. Why? It alone releases itself from bondages in ovary (ovulation) and rest of its competitors are hindered through the process as atretic follicles. What make this dominant follicle to attain these qualities among a vast pool of follicles needs further study. In coming 50 years one shall possibly understand and interlock a pre-determined messenger system triggering dominance in one or few follicles destined to become the new offspring of that species. This system when decoded shall offer new opportunities in controlling ovulation both for contraception (women) or augmentation (animals). New genepool of dominant follicles from dead high yielding animal ovaries would help to propagate and multiply the elite.

Over stimulatory effect during superovulation could be avoided by use of antagonists, as dominant follicles seem to evade suppression, thus follicular selection will prevent excessive stimulation and cystic follicles. Follicular fluid constituents containing occyte awaiting for biochemical signals to resume (meiosis ) growth and development to ensure timely and healthy ovulation need more exploration (Lenton et al., 1988). The specific signals triggering occyte release might help in in vitro occyte maturation success rate.

11. Development of conceptus-in vitro foetus

The lean meat production needs more studies on development of conceptus. The prenatal development undergoes in three stages. The early pregnancy signals, skeletal & nervous tissue growth, on priority. During mid-gestation the hind and fore-limbs develop. During late gestation muscular development along with peripheral extremities including hair develop. In order to increase lean meat production, research in needed to investigate relations between hard and soft tissues. Maternal and foetal interactions needs a probe. Some basic studies (Mufti, 1996) indicated prospects of manipulating lean meat production (Wani, 2001, 2002 a) by bio-stimulators during late gestation, which may help, the production of muscular lambs/kids at birth, besides, increasing birth weight. More details have been described (Wani, 2001, 2002a) Fig.1-5). More studies in future are needed to reveal the exact mechanism involved in critical transition of power control from maternal to embryonic genome. Application of recent techniques of reverse transcription, PCR and others may reveal the details (Schultz et al., 1990).

12. Slaughter house follicle pool

A good number of our endangered species die where climatic conditions are hard and harsh. Under temperate climatic conditions dead bodies are entrapped in snow for long. It gives a hope to revive their follicular pool. Our studies on resumption of life using follicles from slaughtered sheep and fertilizing them with epididymal semen was an pioneering attempt in this direction (Wani, 1996) (Fig 6-8). The protein content of unfertilized ovum is around 100 mg in rabbit, 27 mg in mouse (Brinister, 1967, 1971). The small genetic material needs extensive analysis to unveil vast informations in its codans and anticodans. Further ovum maturation or resumption of meiosis is initiated during birth or shortly before birth and thus the pool of follicles remains fixed at birth. Therefore, foetal ovary has to be the subject of further manipulations especially in view of its immunological insensitivity (Guraya, 1985).
13. Gamete biosafety

Bacterial counts in semen in unprecedented numbers effect semen fertility (Kher, and Dholokia, 1985), The contaminational hazards have increased due to environmental pollution, water and air contamination. Above all the development of resistance of known bateria and other micro-organism to antibiotics (Gupta and Maurya, 1993). We have examined the semen of about 40 bulls maintained at the Frozen semen bank, Rambirbag, Kashmir for bacterial loads in semen and tested antibiotic sensitivity (Koul, 2002).

Presence of bacteria in large numbers in semen, effects its quality and fertility (Kher and Dholokia, 1985). The source of contamination of semen vary from inflammatory foci and lesions on penile apparatus, contaminations on equipments, appliances, diluters, extenders, air and laboratory environment. These contamination hazards have increased with environmental pollution. Many bacteria having developed resistance to routine antibiotics used (Gupta and Maurya 1993) in semen extenders has made inseminations more critical and vulnerable. More studies in this direction are needed to develop a bio-safe and infection free germplasm pool of frozen and fresh semen in future.

14. Foeto-maternal interaction

The role of endometrial stromal cells during pre-implantation stage needs further research. Some studies on ultrastructure of endometrium (Brinsfield et al., 1974) are still not sufficient to answer the questions. What is the role of immune cells and endometrial cells in building of the immunological barrier to protect the foetus. Foetal biology is abarren field of research in the world. After few initial steps by Dr. Moris Young in UK and D. Srivastava in India, only scattered information is available on the subject (Wani and Buchoo, 1990; Mufti, 1996) . Much is still to be unveiled by 2050. The placental hormone influence mammary development and milk production of the dam. Foetal membranes serve as Chief source of nutritive exchanges. The arrangement of cotyledons, caruncles, positioning of single and twin conceptus, indicate complex mechanisms with common roots. (Mufti et al., 2000) These mechanisms of foeto-maternal interactions and relationships emphasize proper foetal number diagnosis and corresponding materno-nutritional management strategies.

15. Nanotechnology:

In the proceeding pages we have seen the role of biotechnology in animal reproduction. The coming generations will harvest the gains in the form of more micron-level-accurate technology being replaced with nanogram-level-invisible technology- the nanotechnology. Now even converging technologies are shaped resulting from merger of Nano- science and Nanotechnology with biomedicine, bio-sciences, biotechnology, genetic engineering and information technology.

The cognitive sciences like Neuro- sciences, computing, communication combined with nanotechnology may be so mystic and deterministic that science shows will appear as “Majic shows” . This new technology wave” may define our spiritualistic wavelengths. Many unsolved or resolved facts on birth and genetic make up shall send such messages as was known of Sagic saints, peers and Fakirs.

The birth of a technology needs patience of public and policy makers. In the past “Michael Farady” – the inventor of electric generator, was asked by the then Chancellor of Exchequer, as to what use is the electricity you are generating. He argues but no argument convinced the accountant. Finally, he promised him that the day will come when you can tax it. Today a remote destination on this earth demands 24 hr electricity. They never argue its price, but its availability as savoir to life be it medical, veterinary or any other field. Thus like Farady I profess and advocate experiments on use of nanotechnology in animal reproduction today. It may sound strange, but yes in my life I shall fore see a role of nanotechnology in Animal reproduction.

16. What is Nanotechnology:

Technology related to features of nanometer scale. Thus we will unveil gametes in minute details; sperm head colliding zona-pellucida shall be filmed. The radial blast of cortical reaction shall be known. All chemical messengers shall be unveiled at nano-level.

The shape of gamete, Zygote, embryo and foetal development at nanolevel shall bring forth new additions to our knowledge. The use of such information through use of computer languages, both hard and soft shall make this knowledge dispensable and useable at remote-corners of the Universe. Combing cognitive, mythical and mysterious happening within womb could be registered and translated via nano-ultra-sonography.

Thus futuristic view of nanotechnology will be nanographic follow of information and has been described ( Mordini, E, 2007).

Nanotechnology may allow us to send tiny nano microprocessors into the animal womb to send us signals which we wish to know for prevention of diseases. The stem-cell-germ-cell technology combine with Nanotechnology shall bring new hope and future for the propapagation of Gene-technology-ETT- A-I Combine. It may sound like sending a wave of spirit to fertilize an “egg” – thus proving the “God Word in Quran of creating the Chirst through mystic spirit. This and other convergence of known reproductive technologies are challenge to us in future

Nanaoparticels developed can be agents which would use blood and carry durgs for curing disease at molecular levels. Thus a new mechanism of targeting infective agents of smaller dimension could be a possibility.
17. Stem-cell-Technology:

Stem- cells are undifferentiated cells. The embryo at morula stages have undifferentiated blastomeres. These cells can transform themselves into 200 or more cell type, which could be used to repair or regenerate new desired cells. This advanced cell research may help diseased people like those suffering from cancer, Alzheimer’s disease syndrome, Parkinsons disease and even paralysis.

The stem cells are derived from 4-5 day old embryos or fertilized cells. The stem-cell-technology has a new role to play in Animal reproduction.

Firstly, the stem-cell source could be pooled out of slaughter-house oocytes or from the vast pool of embryos hatching out in many animal species.

Secondly, the cell source could be obtained from foetal culture and if new-grown-immunoprotectant cell of foetus could help or provide germ-cell specific to any particular organ, the repair of organs could be a new revolution.