How to Profit from Nanotech and Stem Cell Breakthroughs Like A Venture Capitalist

Nanotechnologies are not some future development. The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies estimates that nearly 1,000 products that rely on nanotech are on the market now.

Currently, most applications simply integrate superior nanotech materials into existing products. Carbon allotropes are used to produce gecko tape. Antibacterial nano-silver is used in clothing, food packaging, disinfectants and household appliances. Nano-sized cerium oxide is employed as a fuel catalyst. Increasingly sophisticated products are appearing at the rate of two-four per week.

This month, we’re going to invest in 33 nanotech companies. Almost all are pre-IPO privately held startups. And we’ll do it in one step while retaining complete liquidity.

In the process, I’ll describe how one company is altering the DNA of viruses to attack cancers. I’ll also talk about a company that gets oils from algae. Another company that we’ll be adding to our portfolio is the leading contender in the race to make your current computer as obsolete as an abacus.

It’s Time to Get into the VC Business

One of the greatest frustrations about this job is coming across fantastic startups that I can’t add to the portfolio. I’ve written at length about a few of these pre-IPO companies with enormous, nearly inevitable returns. There are many more, in fact, that I haven’t mentioned. As a result, I truly envy venture capitalists. For some time, I’ve been fantasizing about a breakthrough technology venture capital fund. This isn’t quite that, but it’s close.

The attractions of the VC (venture capital) business are obvious. One is simply the ability to go where equity investors cannot. It irks me that VCs get to buy into obviously transformational companies when we can’t. The other reason is the rate of return enjoyed by VCs is typically so much higher than the stock market’s. I really want you to get in on the high yields earned by angel and venture capitalists.

This is why I’m so pleased to have come across our newest addition to the Breakthrough Technology Alert portfolio. Buying stock in this company allows you to participate in some of the most exciting and promising nanotech startups in existence – on better than VC terms.

This company acts as a kind of VC mutual fund, investing only in privately held early-stage breakthrough technologies. Moreover, your participation in the VC market remains liquid because you can sell the fund at any time. That’s a privilege that normal venture capitalists don’t have.

Not only does the VC fund take positions in important startups, it is actively engaged, bringing its expertise to and working side by side with the management of its portfolio companies. With its broad knowledge of the nanotech industry, the fund can help portfolio companies with general strategic and operational problems, as well as business and intellectual property strategy. It helps with executive recruiting, fundraising and compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

Perhaps most importantly, it is in the position to build collaborations with strategic partners.

In the process of vetting this company, I spoke at length with the company’s CEO. I was pleased, by the way, to hear he had enjoyed reading some of my past issues of Breakthrough Technology Alert.

He took the time to explain the VC fund’s investment philosophy to my associate Ray Blanco and me. According to this CEO, the current team has grown from four to 11 members since 2002. Five have extensive VC experiences. Additionally, team members have expertise in solid-state physicists, biochemistry and other technologies that intersect and converge with nanotechnology.

This team constantly monitors the world of nanotech. Additionally, it maintains contact with nanotech scientists in academia, where much cutting-edge research is taking place. While academic research is typically too early a stage for investors, these relationships allow the fund to identify important spinoffs as they occur.

We know that the long-term promise of nanotech is world changing. The immediate challenge for nanotech investors is finding companies in the commercialization stage. As I’ve explained, we at Breakthrough Technology Alert don’t mind getting in a little early, because the eventual returns will be so high. Investors do, however, want to know that their portfolios will maintain and increase in value while waiting for those eventual huge returns. Everyone at this unique venture capital fund clearly understands this need for liquidity.

The Only Publicly Traded Liquid Nanotech VC Firm

To my knowledge, this investment is the only truly liquid nanotech venture capital company available to stock buyers. Diversification is at the heart of its investment philosophy. It generally doesn’t put more than 5% of its gross assets in any single holding.

It also maintains large cash reserves as a means of counterbalancing the inherent risk of investing in young nanotech businesses that are not yet profitable. As its CEO says, the fund offers a “diversified way to play the emergence of nanotechnology – when most of the companies are still private – in a public vehicle.”

Several of its holdings are, however, already earning significant revenues. Companies in the portfolio generated $242 million in revenue for 2008, a 22% increase over 2007. Other companies are on track to becoming revenue producers or to significantly increase revenues.

Since I recommended this unique venture capital fund to my readers last week, we’re already closing in on double-digit gains. But that’s not the first time we’ve stumbled across a transformational company that’s making good on promises to investors…

Something happened last month that I predicted long ago. Big Pharm initiated a collaboration with one of the stem cell companies I recommended to my Breakthrough Technology Alert readers. Specifically, Geron Corp. (NASDAQ: GERN) announced a partnership with GE Healthcare.

The deal is to develop and sell drug-discovery technologies derived from two stem cell lines approved by the Bush administration. The stock rose over 10%, adding about $70 million to Geron’s capitalization.

I don’t write this to crow about being right. I write this because it is critically important that you understand that this is just the tip of the iceberg. For anybody familiar with the way pharma interacts with disruptive startups, it was inevitable. New products from Big Pharma have slowed to a trickle in recent years. The old platforms have largely played out. Slowly, recognition is dawning on the world’s medical giants that it’s time to invest in the most disruptive technology the world has ever seen — stem cell technologies.

Let’s look at the implications.

Pharm is a lumbering behemoth. It may take years for the industry to change focus, but it spews cash wherever it turns. The Geron deal is only the first, so let’s consider what’s next.

Geron has had years to cultivate its Big Pharm contacts, but Geron’s founder, Dr. Michael West, was busy creating and acquiring his own stem cell lines. His inventory, as a result, dwarfs Geron’s.

He has, in fact, most of the stem cell lines approved by the Obama administration’s new funding guidelines. They comprise, remarkably, more than 50% of all known eSC lines. At last count, he had over 200 lines, and 88 had important genetic diseases.

These cell lines, incidentally, were acquired from genetic screeners who help parents who carry genetic diseases assure that they do not pass them onto their children. They include cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s, muscular dystrophy and breast cancer.

Ironically, these cell lines hold the promise of producing treatments for birth defects that currently motivate a significant percentage of abortions. This means, of course, that the utilization of these cells may produce cures that reduce abortion rates.

The story does not end there. West’s ACTCellerate platform is producing the tools for potentiating stem cells into different cell types. Currently, West knows how to turn stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells created from adult cells, into more than 140 cell types. Recently, for example, he announced the ability to program cells to repair cartilage and connective tissues.

Therefore, the real number of cell lines that he can produce is in excess of 200 eSC lines times 140 SC types, which is over 28,000 cell types. If only a fraction of these cell types have drug discovery potential, West will do very well, indeed.

And so will his investors… Stay tuned to the Penny Sleuth to get a lead on emergent technologies like these as they happen.

Yours for transformational profits,
Patrick Cox

Pushing Forward – From prevention and detection to treatment and reconstruction, the latest data and technological advancements bring more hope to pat

From prevention and detection to treatment and reconstruction, the latest data and technological advancements bring more hope to patients affected by breast cancer.

Sometimes the simple things make the biggest difference – even in breast cancer prevention.
Now, recent data reinforces the importance of healthy lifestyle choices in reducing the risk of breast cancer development, explains Edith A. Perez, M.D., medical oncologist and director of the Mayo Center’s Breast Clinic. Moreover, the latest studies reveal that regular exercise and a healthy weight also lower the risk of cancer recurrence.
“We need to concentrate more on lifestyle issues,” Dr. Perez says. “It needs to be part of our day-to-day recommendations for patients.”
Though the chemical explanation for the connection to breast cancer prevention is still somewhat elusive, Dr. Perez notes that changes in insulin resistance and estrogen levels resulting from physical activity and proper caloric intake may affect the relationship.
“We continue looking for new medications to decrease the risk, but this is something we can all do,” she says.
And as studies investigate the effects of newer drugs in advanced stages of breast cancer, it’ll only be a year or two until these drugs can be evaluated in prevention studies, too, Dr. Perez says.

Diving into Detection
While mammograms remain the standard for screening, breast MRIs are playing an evermore important role in the detection process, Dr. Perez says. Actually, she elaborates, patients with at least a 15 to 20 percent increased risk of developing breast cancer should be screened with the breast MRI rather than a clinical evaluation and mammogram. Though particularly beneficial for patients with a strong family history of breast cancer, an identified genetic mutation that exposes them to breast cancer development, and women with dense breasts, Dr. Perez strongly cautions against using the MRI as a screening tool for all patients.
“It’s good to have the option of a sensitive test,” she says, “but we don’t want to go overboard.”
Beyond enhanced screening, the breast MRI is also helpful when working with patients already diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. Its pristine visibility helps identify the best surgical procedure and, if a mammogram detects cancer on one breast, the bilateral MRI may also detect a lesion in the other breast; in three percent of patients, Dr. Perez says, the MRI finds cancer in both breasts.
But even with advancements in screening and detection, Shahla Masood, M.D., emphasizes the importance of a second opinion. Dr. Masood, Professor and Chair of the Department of Pathology at the University of Florida College of Medicine – Jacksonville, Chief of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Shands Jacksonville, Director of the University of Florida Outreach Library, Editor-in-Chief of The Breast Journal, and President of the World Society of Breast Health, explains that, while a very small number of breast cancers are misdiagnosed, the many look-alikes in breast pathology may lead to under- or over-diagnosis.
“Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a variety of forms and shapes,” she says. “The treatment, the response to therapy … it’s all related to the type of breast cancer.”
Additionally, evolutions in technology, molecularlogy and sub-classifications of breast cancer lead to a better understanding of individual tumors, Dr. Masood explains, which impacts the diagnosis and recommended therapy options.
Tackling the Treatment
It’s not just prevention and detection that have come a long way. Linda Sylvester, M.D., FACP, medical oncologist with Florida Oncology Associates and Co-Founder of the Pink Ribbon Foundation, explains that personalized treatment options are also positively affecting patient outcomes.

“We know that the micro-environments in which cancers live can cross-talk amongst each other,” she says. “We’re learning what turns them on and off.”
While it’s possible to inhibit growth in a single site, Dr. Sylvester explains that cancer cells find other pathways to promote growth, emphasizing the need to personalize care for each patient based on the cancer cells’ mutations in the individual’s pathology specimen.
Moreover, nanoparticles and nanotechnology are proving to effectively kill cancer cells while also reducing neurotoxicity passed to non-cancer cells. Because the nanoparticles are smaller than the cancer cells, Dr. Sylvester says, lipophilic compounds combined with chemotherapy drugs can enter the organs and cells more readily. Moving into the cancer cells, they interfere with the ribosomes and protein formation, enter the nucleus, and interfere with DNA replication.
While Dr. Masood, too, is optimistic about nanotechnology, she adds that chemotherapy treatments are evolving into molecular-targeted therapies that not only kill the cancer but also cause fewer side effects.
“Every one of these advancements is making a difference in the way breast cancer is being viewed these days,” Dr. Masood explains. “It makes a big difference on how well the patient can tolerate it and can get on with her life.”
Personalizing care is key. While breast cancer is treatable in its early stages, Dr. Masood says, it’s critical to take into account the patient’s tumor size, family history and unique needs and characteristics to properly treat the disease. “Breast cancer can be treated aggressively and leave a patient with a significant loss, whereas that same cancer can be treated in a more balanced way to let the patient enjoy life,” she explains. “We need to treat patients right, give them what they deserve. That has to be the focal point in breast cancer care.”
One of the first in the approach to individualize patient care, Dr. Sylvester says, is Oncotype DX testing. Used in Brea patients who have estrogen-positive tumors and lymph node negative disease, Oncotype DX testing compares the molecular arrangement of a patient’s cancer cells in the pathology specimen to 21 known high-risk breast cancer genes, she says. The results then categorize patients into a high-risk, low-risk or intermediate group based on the ratio of the patient’s pathology mutations and the high-risk mutations.
Patients who fall in the high-risk group need chemotherapy and hormonal therapy, while those in the low-risk group can be treated with therapy such as Tamoxifen or an Aromatase Inhibitor. And if results place a patient in the intermediary range, Dr. Sylvester says, she may choose to participate in the TAILOR clinical trial, a national oncology trial that randomizes the intermediate-risk patients to either hormone therapy or chemotherapy plus hormone therapy.
“While not all cancers can be cured,” Dr. Sylvester says, “there is much hope with all the new drugs being developed and the delivery systems of getting these drugs into the cancerous cells. There’s always something new, always more survivors.”

Ready for Reconstruction
Strides in reconstructive surgery are also opening doors for women eager to regain the shape of their breasts after mastectomies or lumpectomies. The latest oncoplastic technique combines oncologic surgery to remove the tumor with reconstructive surgery to preserve the cosmetic outcome, says Laila Samiian, M.D., Assistant Professor, Chief of Breast Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology for the University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville.
During an oncoplastic lumpectomy, Dr. Samiian explains, the surgeon mobilizes surrounding breast tissue to fill in the cavity present after the lump is removed. Oncoplastic surgery, which can also be used during benign biopsies, can match the breasts’ pre-surgery shape and contour. And, sensitive to a woman’s self-image, Dr. Samiian tries to hide surgical scars by creating the incision in the crease below the breast or near the areola. Though still relatively new, Dr. Samiian acknowledges the technique is becoming increasingly popular.

Dr. Samiian is particularly passionate about improving the cosmetic results of breast conservation. “If we’re trying to save the breast, we don’t want it deformed,” she explains. “If it’s going to look worse, then you might as well have a mastectomy.” Without oncoplastic surgery, she adds, women who’ve undergone lumpectomies may experience severe beast deformities within a few years.
She also encourages surgeons to proactively seek education and training on new techniques and skills that offer exemplary medical results and enhance cosmetic outcomes. “We all need to have sensitivity for a woman’s desire for acceptable cosmetic results,” she says. “Patients demand better results, and surgeons who provide that will have better satisfaction from patients.”
Because oncoplastic surgery incorporates plastic surgery into breast cancer operations, it eliminates the need for implants or follow-up reconstructive surgery. When it comes to breast conservation, Dr. Samiian says, patients won’t accept a deformity or a cavity; it’s crucial not only to save the breast, but to also save its shape.
But that’s not the only option for women anxious to keep their breasts after beating cancer.
While not all patients are candidates, skin-sparing mastectomies used with implant reconstruction save as much of the patient’s skin envelope as possible so the plastic surgeon doesn’t have to stretch skin over the implant, Dr. Samiian explains. It’s a complex procedure, as it’s difficult to remove breast tissue from a small incision, but the outcome is much better, she says.
“If the tumor is away from the skin and the nipple,” Dr. Samiian says, “it’s [skin-sparing mastectomy] my number one mastectomy.” Still, she acknowledges that procedures must be carefully selected for each individual.
Another option: subcutaneous mastectomy, also referred to as a nipple-sparing mastectomy. Using an incision below the breast crease or areola, the surgeon saves the skin, nipple and areola by removing tissue from a strategically placed incision.
But skin- and nipple-sparing mastectomies aren’t just for women already diagnosed with cancer; they’re also options for patients with an extremely high risk for developing breast cancer, Dr. Samiian says.

What Lies Ahead
There’s still so much more on the horizon. On the diagnostic side, Dr. Perez explains that, while mobile PET scans are already used in evaluation studies, clinical studies are now investigating their use in general screening.

And in terms of treatment, Dr. Samiian shares that partial breast radiation is under investigation, and the medical community should know more about its safety and ethicality in the next few years.
Like Dr. Samiian, Dr. Masood, too, is empathetic to the effect breast cancer and mastectomies have on a woman’s self-esteem and identity, and she remains passionate about preserving the breasts’ appearance while killing the cancer. Thus, she’s hopeful that long-term studies in Europe and the United States will continue illustrating that treating small tumors with conservation therapy matches the outcome of treating them with mastectomies.

“It’s a fundamental right for women to save their breasts, enjoy their breasts,” she says. “They don’t have to give up their breasts to breast cancer.” Conservation therapy is bringing new light to the way women should be treated, and, in the future, Dr. Masood says, mastectomies may no longer be used to treat small tumors.

And as a strong patient advocate and global leader in the breast cancer arena, Dr. Masood also emphasizes the critical need for more breast care centers throughout the world, to engage the medical community in a multidisciplinary approach to treat breast cancer.

“Breast cancer is still a disease – there’s no cause, no cure – and it will remain a public health threat to women across the globe,” Dr. Masood says. But through education, advocacy, multidisciplinary care centers and technological advancements, women have so much reason to remain hopeful.

Water Treatment System Removing Hazardous Levels of Arsenic From Drinking Water

Green Nanotechnology

Water treatment system

Removing hazardous levels of arsenic from drinking water

Inventor and entrepreneur’s Mayer Fitoussi .Briefly, Aqua Soft Natural ®

It offers better built, longer lasting, cleaner, safer, and smarter products for the home, for medicine, for transportation, for agriculture, and for industry in general.

Most water is used for industry and agriculture; Aqua Soft Natural ® A high-performance products; powerful modern ceramic magnets; Structurally Modified and Molecularly Infused Water; maximum Contact time to water treatment systems; Green Nanotechnology; inexpensive method for removing hazardous levels of arsenic from drinking water ; reduce harmful levels of arsenic in recycling water; reduce Infectious disease; reduce the risk of cancer; has biochemical function and slows aging; increase in 2-3 DPZ Enzyme levels; increase hemoglobin levels; reduce lactic acid levels; has no chemicals; has no salt and/or Siliphos (phosphate) for softening water ; dismantling chlorine; enhanced water; improves taste ; destroys bacteria; destroys coliform ; destroys algae; destroys virus’s in dairy barn; stimulation of immune system; prevent and cure mastitis in milk cow’s ; increase milk production ; de-scales all pipes/water heater/cooling system/fixtures; preventing salt water to be stick an “mattress” radiator / cooling system for agriculture green hothouse in the desert; no maintains cost;

Because the treatment requires no electricity, residents of developing nations where high levels of arsenic occur naturally in water supplies will be able to easily use it. That would help reduce the risk of cancer for tens of millions of impoverished villagers in China and Southeast Asia, where high levels of arsenic occur naturally in many water supplies. Arsenic contamination is also a threat to water supplies in parts of Latin America, Africa and the United States, where the Environmental Protection Agency this year (2006) reduced allowable levels in municipal water systems to 10 parts per billion, down from 50 parts per billion.

New York Times: A simple way to remove arsenic. Vicki Colvin, director of the university’s Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, said ” researchers were surprised to find that we didn’t need large electromagnets to move our nanoparticles, and that in some cases hand-held magnets could do the trick.”

Scientist; Professor; Researcher, Dr. Klaus Kronenberg: Permanent magnet materials have been developed in recent decades to be 100 times as strong and much more durable than the old-fashioned magnets made out of steel. In contrast to steel magnets, which weaken with age, modern ceramic magnets do not show any changes with age.

bacteria/algae : under “open loop” (exposed to air, such as cooling towers) brought the bacteria count down from over 4,000 per milliliter to only 4 count per milliliter. Open loop systems are the most difficult. When in a “closed loop” system (pipe), bacteria/algae is much easier to control. Dr. Klaus Kronenberg: “Magnetic Water Treatment can actually make naturally polluted lakes and streams fit to drink and safe”.

Pool & Spa News: Magnetically altered water kills Algae. Algae is controlled, PH is stabilized, minerals are polarized and water is soft and silky”.

Better tasting water: Dr. Klaus J. Kronenberg: ” the chlorine odor of chlorinated water is greatly reduced by effective magnetic treatment. In fact, slight chlorination may become unnoticeable to the average user. Water that comes with a slight sulfur odor loses this smell after being treated with magnetic devices”.

Health News: Scientist, Researcher Professor Israel Lin, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology stated: “the change of water’s properties is the key. The magnetized water increases the solubility of minerals to all parts of the body, making the organism work more efficiently, because of breaking minerals down to the smallest particle size, and reducing “surface tension” of water, makes it a better “carrier” of food and minerals. Testing on Dairy Cows proved a 15% better TDN (total digestible nutrients)”.

The recent investigations have indicated that there are a more number of hexagonal structure at a lower temperature (cold water), 22% at 10% AND 26% at 0 C . The hexagonal water can exist almost 100% at super cooled temperature of –30C to –40C. Also, another factor to increase hexagonal structure of water when the water was magnetized by a powerful magnetic field.

Experiments on magnetized water under various magnetic fields AND various flow conditions of ionic solutions indicate that the effects observed in magnetized water are related to the effects shown by the addition of structure-making ions OR by lowering the temperature.

Most people think we take oxygen only through the air we breathe, but foaming oxygen increased by magnetized water activates the kinetic energy, stimulates the mucous membrane while passing through the stomach, small AND large intestines AND promotes blood circulation to the blood vessels. The oxygen also takes out the toxic gases AND waste in the intestines, which provide a clean intestinal environment as well as clear blood stream.

An excess amount of oxygen existing in the magnetized hexagonal water can easily be absorbed AND penetrated in the blood within 30 seconds, to the brain tissues AND genitals after one minute, to the skin after 10 minutes and, to the liver, heart AND kidney after 20 minutes. The brain accounts for 20% to 30% of total oxygen consumption in our body. Lack of oxygen to the brain may cause one to be lethargic, have a lower attention span, AND over an extended period of anoxemia will certainly lead to dementia AND eventual death.

Lemon juice, vitamin C powder OR other health aid, mix with hexagonal water will be more effective.

Hexagonal water is believed to activate the enzymes that remove the harmful free radical oxygen in the body.

Hexagonal or magnetized water is not a medicine but is an effective medium against certain diseases, playing a preventive medical role in enhancing the resistance AND immunity of the human body AND as such, has the natural healing properties against diseases.

Human Studies (Japan)

A study with the Japanese Olympic Scientific Research Team to test the enhanced water’s ability to remove waste byproducts … in particular, lactic acid. In the study, 25 members of the Japanese Olympic swimming team (13 men and 12 women) were required to swim at an accelerated pace until their heart rates were highly elevated (i.e., 180 beats/minute to 200 beats/minute). Each swimmer was then allowed to rest and given a controlled quantity of either enhanced or tap water to drink. Lactic acid levels were then monitored over time until they had returned to normal. This trial was repeated several times in a crossover, double blind fashion so that each athlete was tested with both enhanced water and tap water but without knowing which water they were drinking. During two months of additional training, the athletes were given the enhanced water on an exclusive basis and monitored for 2-3 DPZ Enzyme (an enzyme critical for the ability of blood to absorb oxygen) and blood hemoglobin levels.

In all test subjects, swimmers were observed to quantitatively reduce lactic acid levels by an average of 50 percent greater with the enhanced water versus tap water. The lactic acid removal rate was also approximately 50 percent faster with the enhanced water than the control tap water. During the testing period, all athletes showed an increase in 2-3 DPZ Enzyme levels and hemoglobin levels when compared with the baseline levels.

“Water that has been Revitalized through Magnetic Treatment is restored to its natural energy”. retains valuable minerals and converts them to a form that increases digestibility. No other system will do this. Improves digestion. Some individuals have a stomach trouble involving digestion. in most cases eliminates this problem. Since this treatment reduces “surface tension” of water, it becomes a better carrier of nutrients”.

“Naturally Soft Water”. Dr. Klaus Kronenberg states: “The positive effects were described as making the water appear to “behave” as if the mineral content was lowered”. Water feels soft and silky.

Reduces the need of soaps ; detergents; shampoo/conditioners; chemicals; chlorine for pools/spa. Dries quicker, eliminates water spots; ends chlorine irritation. Magnetic Water Treatment reduces the surface tension and makes water a better “wetting agent”. It takes about 75% less to do the job because it increases the solubility of the treated water.

De – Scales Pipes and Equipment. Magnetized, by Dr. Klaus Kronenberg: (New Technologies) Not only was formation of scale totally eliminated, the removal of scale deposits in old water pipes could be accomplished in relatively short time.

Michael Keefe (Magnetic Water Conditioner): Every private home can be relieved of water problems by utilizing permanent magnets. The thermal efficiency of hot water heating systems is impaired with scale build-up and corrosion problems. The magnets can thus save energy by keeping heat transfer surfaces free from insulating scale.

Air Conditioning, radiator, Plumbing and Heating: As the water flows through the Aqua Soft Natural ® the hard water minerals are polarized and remain in liquid suspension eliminating the problem of the particles clinging to water pipes, cool radiator and water heater, Essentially, scale forming minerals end up suspended in the water and all prior scale is magnetically attracted to the water. This descaling process is known as the stabilization period and lasts from two to six months.

Reduces Heating Costs: National Air Conditioning; Plumbing and Heating Contractors: 3/8 inch of scale in hot water heaters uses 48% more fuel to heat. When the scale is removed a more efficient water heating system is created. U.S. Bureau of Standards: On the third year, your 40 gallon water heater only hold about 30 gallons (10 gallons of scale) and costs about five times as much to heat. One half inch of scale has a 70% increased fuel cost. Magnetic Water Conditioning, by Michael Keefe: The tangible benefits to the user are preservation and improvement of thermal efficiencies in hot water heaters, which results in energy savings and a reduction of the economic impact of steadily soaring heating costs.

www.aquasoft-natural.com